What is Direct Speech & Indirect Speech | Changes from Direct to Indirect Speech, Key Rules to Remember in Hindi & English

🔹 What is Direct Speech?

English:
Direct speech means reporting the exact words spoken by someone.
We use quotation marks (" ") to enclose the exact words.

Hindi:
Direct speech वह होता है जब हम किसी व्यक्ति के कहे हुए शब्दों को जैसा का तैसा दोहराते हैं। इसमें inverted commas (" ") का प्रयोग होता है।

Example (English):

• He said, "I am going to school."

Example (Hindi):

• उसने कहा, "मैं स्कूल जा रहा हूँ।"

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🔹 What is Indirect Speech?

English:
Indirect speech means reporting what someone said without quoting the exact words.
Tense, pronouns, and time expressions usually change.

Hindi:
Indirect speech में हम किसी के बोले हुए शब्दों को अपने शब्दों में कहते हैं। इसमें Tense, Pronoun और Time Expression बदल जाते हैं।

Example (English):

• He said that he was going to school.

Example (Hindi):

• उसने कहा कि वह स्कूल जा रहा था।

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🔁 Changes from Direct to Indirect Speech

Direct Speech	Indirect Speech
"I am happy," she said.	She said that she was happy.
"I will go," he said.	He said that he would go.
"They are playing," he said.	He said that they were playing.
"I ate lunch," she said.	She said that she had eaten lunch.

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🧠 Key Rules to Remember

1. Remove quotes and use ‘that’ (optional in spoken English).

2. Change tense (present → past, will → would, etc.).

3. Change pronouns according to the subject.

4. Change time words:

• today → that day

• tomorrow → the next day

• now → then

• yesterday → the day before

• If the reporting verb is in the past tense, then the tense of the reported speech will change as follows:
  
• If the direct speech expresses a historical fact, a universal truth or a habitual fact. tense of the direct speech will not change:
  Direct     : He said, “Honesty is the best policy.”
  Indirect : He said that honesty is the best policy.
  Direct     : He said, “The sun rises in the east.”
  Indirect : He said that the sun rises in the east.
  Direct     : Rakesh said, “I am an early riser.”
  Indirect : Rakesh said that he is an early riser.
  Direct     : She said, “God is omnipresent.”
  Indirect : She said that God is omnipresent.
  Direct     : The teacher said, “The First World War started in 1914.”
  Indirect : The teacher said that the First World War started in 1914.

7. Changing Statements into Indirect Speech:

• The reporting verb “said to’ is changed to ‘told, ‘replied’, ‘‘remarked’,
• The reporting verb is not followed by an object, it is not changed.
• The inverted commas are removed. The conjunction that is used to connect the reporting clause with the reported speech.
• The rules for the change of pronouns, tenses, etc. are followed.
  Direct     : Ramu said, “I saw a lion in the forest.”
  Indirect : Ramu said that he had seen a lion in the forest.
  Direct     : Satish said to me, “I am very happy here.”
  Indirect : Satish told me that he was very happy there.
  Direct     : He said, “I can do this work.”
  Indirect : He said that he could do that work.
  Direct     : Renu said to me, “I was washing the clothes.”
  Indirect : Renu told me that she had been washing the clothes.
  Direct     : She said, “I am not well.”
  Indirect : She said that she was not well.
  Direct     : He said to Sita, “I have passed the test.”
  Indirect : He told Sita that he had passed the test
  Direct     : I said to my friend, “He has been working very hard.”
  Indirect : I told my friend that he had been working very hard.
  Direct     : My friend said to me, “I shall go to Delhi tomorrow.”
  Indirect : My friend told me that he would go to Delhi the next day.
  Direct     : I said, “I agree to what he said.”
  Indirect : I said that I agreed to what he had said.
  Direct     : The student said to the teacher, “I am sorry that I am late.”
  Indirect : The student told the teacher that he was sorry that he was late.

8. Rules for the Change of Interrogative (Questions) sentences:

• The reporting verb ‘say’ is changed into ask, inquire,
• The interrogative sentence is changed into a statement by placing the subject before the verb and the full stop is put at the end of the sentence.
• If the interrogative sentence has a wh-word (who, when, where, how, why, etc) the wh- word is repeated in the sentence. It serves as a conjunction.
• If the interrogative sentence is a yes-no answer type sentence (with auxiliary verbs aw, are, was, were, do, did, have, shall, etc), then if or ‘ whether’ is used as a conjunction.
• The auxiliaries do, does, did in a positive question in the reported speech are dropped.
• The conjunction that is not used after the reporting clause.
  Direct     : I said to him, “Where are you going?”
  Indirect : Tasked him where he was going.
  Direct     : He said to me, “Will you go there?”
  Indirect : He asked me if I would go there.
  Direct     : My friend said to Deepak, “Have you ever been to Agra?”
  Indirect : My friend asked Deepak if he had ever been to Agra.
  Direct     : I said to him, “Did you enjoy the movie?”
  Indirect : I asked him if he had enjoyed the movie.
  Direct     : I said to her, “Do you know him?”
  Indirect : I asked her if she knew him.
  Direct     : He said to me, “Will you listen to me?”
  Indirect : He asked me if I would listen to him.
  Direct     : I said to him, “When will you go there?”
  Indirect : I asked him when he would go there.
  Direct     : He said to me, “How is your father?”
  Indirect : He asked me how my father was.
  Direct     : I said to him, “Are you happy?”
  Indirect : I asked him if he was happy.
  Direct     : He said to her, “Do you like apples?”
  Indirect : He asked her if she liked apples.

9. Changing Commands and Requests into Indirect Speech:

• In imperative sentences having commands, the reporting verb is changed into command, order, tell, allow, request,etc.
• The imperative mood is changed into the infinitive mood by putting to, before the verb. In case of negative sentences, the auxiliary ‘do’ is dropped and ‘to’ is placed after ‘not:
  Direct     : She said to me, “Open the window.”
  Indirect : She ordered me to open the window.
  Direct     : The captain said to the soldiers, “Attack the enemy.”
  Indirect : The captain commanded the soldiers to attack the enemy.
  Direct     : I said to him, “Leave this place at once.”
  Indirect : I told him to leave that place at once.
  Direct     : The teacher said to the students, “Listen to me attentively.”
  Indirect : The teacher asked the students to listen to him attentively.
  Direct     : The Principal said to the peon, “Ring the bell.”
  Indirect : The Principal ordered the peon to ring the bell.
  Direct     : The master said to the servant, “Fetch me a glass of water.”
  Indirect : The master ordered the servant to fetch him a glass of water.
  Direct     : I said to him, “Please bring me a glass of water.”
  Indirect : I requested him to bring me a glass of water.
  Direct     : I said to my friend, “Please lend me your book.”
  Indirect : I requested my friend to lend me his book.

Exercise (Solved)

Change the following sentences into Indirect Speech:
(i) He said, “I will do it now.”
Answer:
He said that he would do it then.

(ii) He says, “Honesty is the best policy.”
Answer:
He says that honesty is the best policy.

(iii) Ramesh says, “I have written a letter.”
Answer:
Ramesh says that he has written a letter.

(iv) She said, “Mahesh will be reading a book.”
Answer:
She said that Mahesh would be reading a book.

(v) She said, “Where is your father?”
Answer:
She inquired where his father was.

(vi) He said to me, “Please take your book.”
Answer:
He requested me to take my book.

(vii) The Principal said to the peon, “Let this boy go out.”
Answer:
The Principal ordered the peon to let that boy go out.

(viii) He said to me, “May you live long!”
Answer:
He prayed that I might live long.

(ix) She said, “Goodbye friends!”
Answer:
She bade goodbye to her friends.

(x) The students said, “Alas! I wasted my time last year.”
Answer:
The students regretted that he had wasted his time the previous year.

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Class 7 History – Chapter 1 Tracing Changes Through a Thousand Years

📘 Class 7 History – Chapter 1

Tracing Changes Through a Thousand Years
(हजार वर्षों में हुए परिवर्तन का पता लगाना)

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Q1. Who was considered a ‘foreigner’ in the past?

प्रश्न 1. प्राचीन समय में 'विदेशी' किसे माना जाता था?

Answer (English):
In the past, a “foreigner” was a person who was not a part of the same society or culture. For example, in the 16th century, a stranger who came from another village was a foreigner for the people of that village. Later, the term was also used for people who came from other countries.

उत्तर (हिन्दी):
प्राचीन समय में "विदेशी" उस व्यक्ति को कहा जाता था जो उसी समाज या संस्कृति का हिस्सा न हो। उदाहरण के लिए, 16वीं शताब्दी में यदि कोई व्यक्ति दूसरे गाँव से आता था, तो वह गाँव वालों के लिए विदेशी माना जाता था। बाद में यह शब्द दूसरे देशों से आए लोगों के लिए भी प्रयोग होने लगा।

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Q2. State two reasons why historians use manuscripts.

प्रश्न 2. इतिहासकार पांडुलिपियों का प्रयोग क्यों करते हैं? दो कारण लिखिए।

Answer (English):

1. Manuscripts provide valuable records of the past, such as religious texts, historical accounts, poems, plays, and scientific works.

2. They help historians to understand the beliefs, ideas, society, and culture of the time.

उत्तर (हिन्दी):

1. पांडुलिपियाँ अतीत की महत्वपूर्ण जानकारियाँ देती हैं, जैसे धार्मिक ग्रंथ, ऐतिहासिक वृत्तांत, कविताएँ, नाटक और वैज्ञानिक लेख।

2. ये इतिहासकारों को उस समय की मान्यताओं, विचारों, समाज और संस्कृति को समझने में सहायता करती हैं।

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Q3. How do historians divide the past into periods? Do they face any problems?

प्रश्न 3. इतिहासकार अतीत को कालखंडों में कैसे बाँटते हैं? क्या उन्हें कोई कठिनाइयाँ आती हैं?

Answer (English):
Historians divide the past into periods based on economic, social, cultural, and political features. For example, James Mill divided Indian history into three periods—Hindu, Muslim, and British. But such classifications are often problematic because they oversimplify history and ignore the rich diversity of society.

उत्तर (हिन्दी):
इतिहासकार अतीत को आर्थिक, सामाजिक, सांस्कृतिक और राजनीतिक विशेषताओं के आधार पर कालखंडों में बाँटते हैं। उदाहरण के लिए, जेम्स मिल ने भारतीय इतिहास को तीन कालों में बाँटा—हिन्दू, मुस्लिम और ब्रिटिश। लेकिन ऐसी वर्गीकरण अक्सर समस्याग्रस्त होता है क्योंकि यह इतिहास को सरल बना देता है और समाज की विविधता को नज़रअंदाज़ करता है।

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Q4. What were some of the major developments of this period (700–1750)?

प्रश्न 4. 700 ईस्वी से 1750 ईस्वी तक के समय में कुछ प्रमुख विकास क्या थे?

Answer (English):

• New technologies like the Persian wheel, spinning wheel, and firearms were introduced.

• New foods and beverages such as potatoes, corn, chillies, tea, and coffee were introduced.

• The growth of towns, trade, and markets increased.

• The rise of new social and political groups such as Rajputs, Marathas, Jats, and Sikhs.

• Regional and large kingdoms like the Delhi Sultanate and Mughal Empire were established.

उत्तर (हिन्दी):

• नई तकनीकें जैसे फारसी चर्खा (पर्सियन व्हील), चरखा, और आग्नेयास्त्र आए।

• आलू, मक्का, मिर्च, चाय और कॉफी जैसे नए खाद्य पदार्थ आए।

• नगरों, व्यापार और बाज़ारों का विकास हुआ।

• नई सामाजिक और राजनीतिक शक्तियाँ जैसे राजपूत, मराठा, जाट और सिख उभरे।

• क्षेत्रीय और बड़े साम्राज्य जैसे दिल्ली सल्तनत और मुगल साम्राज्य की स्थापना हुई।

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Q5. What is the meaning of archives?

प्रश्न 5. अभिलेखागार (Archives) का क्या अर्थ है?

Answer (English):
Archives are places where manuscripts and important historical documents are collected, preserved, and studied.

उत्तर (हिन्दी):
अभिलेखागार वह स्थान है जहाँ पांडुलिपियों और महत्वपूर्ण ऐतिहासिक दस्तावेजों को एकत्र, सुरक्षित और अध्ययन किया जाता है।

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Q6. Why did Brahmanas dominate society during this period?

प्रश्न 6. इस काल में समाज पर ब्राह्मणों का प्रभुत्व क्यों था?

Answer (English):
Brahmanas dominated society because they had knowledge of Sanskrit texts, performed rituals, and advised kings. Their position was respected in the social hierarchy.

उत्तर (हिन्दी):
ब्राह्मण समाज पर इसलिए हावी थे क्योंकि उनके पास संस्कृत ग्रंथों का ज्ञान था, वे धार्मिक अनुष्ठान करते थे और राजाओं को सलाह देते थे। समाज में उनका स्थान बहुत सम्मानित था।

NCERT Solutions For Class 8 Science Chapter 1 Crop Production and Management - 2025-26

 

Access Science Chapter 1 Crop Production and Management Class 8 PDF

EXERCISES

1. Select the correct word from the following list and fill in the blanks.

float, water, crop, nutrients, preparation 

(a) The same kind of plants grown and cultivated on a large scale at a place is called _________. 

Ans: Crop

(b) The first step before growing crops is ________ of the soil.

Ans: Preparation

(c) Damaged seeds would _________ on top of water.

Ans: Float

(d) For growing a crop, sufficient sunlight, _________ and _________ from the soil are essential. 

Ans: Water and nutrients.

2. Match items in column A with those in column B.

Ans:

The table showing the matched answers is as below,

3. Give two examples of each.

1. Kharif crop

2. Rabi crop

Ans: Examples:

1. Kharif crops - maize and millets.

2. Rabi crops - wheat and oats.

4. Write a paragraph in your own words on each of the following.

1. Preparation of soil

2. Sowing 

3. Weeding

4. Threshing

Ans: 

a. Preparation of soil: 

i. The first method in crop management is soil preparation.  This process is done by loosening the soil with the help of a plough which helps in ploughing or tilling it. 

ii. Loosening of soil particles adds humus and nutrients and increases the absorption of water and manure in the soil which increases crop yields.

b. Sowing:

i. After the soil preparation, the best seeds are chosen to sow in the soil for production.

ii. Seeds are sown with the help of a seed drill which is in the funnel shape used in modern-day tractors to sow the seeds at a particular depth in the soil.

c. Weeding:

i. Unwanted plants which grow and interfere along with the other plants to reduce their yield are called weeds. Unwanted plants are removed by the process called weeding  

ii. We have to remove weeds as they compete with the plants in light and space and take up the nutrients given to the plant from the soil. Xanthium, Parthenium, etc. are some common weeds that affect the growth of plants. 

iv. Weedicides are used to control the weeds which is a chemical that only kills the weeds, not the crops. 

d. Threshing: 

i. After the crop harvesting, the last step in which the grains are separated from the chaff is called threshing.

ii. “Combine” is a machine that carries out this threshing process. The combine is the combination of harvester and thresher which harvests crops and also separates the grains.

5. Explain how fertilisers are different from manure.

Ans: The table showing the difference between fertilizers and manure is as below,

6. What is irrigation? Describe two methods of irrigation that conserve water. 

Ans: Irrigation:

• Supplying water to the crops in the field at various intervals for the growth of the plants is called irrigation.

• Intervals differ from crop to crop, season to season, and are also affected by the type of soil and rainfall.

• The irrigation sources may include ponds, lakes, canals rivers, and dams. 

Two methods of which conserve water are drip irrigation and sprinkler irrigation:

• Drip irrigation: It has an arrangement of pipes or tubes with small holes from which plants are watered drop by drop at the base of the root, so that water cannot be wasted.

• Sprinkler irrigation: It has an arrangement of vertical pipes with rotating nozzles on the top for the distribution of water to uneven or sandy lands without wastage of water.

7. If wheat is sown in the Kharif season, what would happen?  Discuss. 

Ans: 

1. Kharif season is from June to October. If wheat is planted during this season, it is possible that the entire crop will be damaged due to a variety of issues including a lack of optimal temperature, adaptability, and insect availability.

2. The rainy season is included in the Kharif season, which is not conducive to wheat crop growth, as wheat grows well in the winter or rabi season. As a result, the wheat crop must not be planted during the Kharif season, but rather during the Rabi season.

8. Explain how soil gets affected by the continuous plantation of crops in a field. 

Ans: 

1. Soil minerals such as potassium, nitrogen, phosphorus, as well as other nutrients are depleted as a result of persistent soil plantation. It takes up all the plant nutrients which take a long time to replenish. 

2. These ions are important for all plants to undergo proper growth. If a continuous plantation is done these minerals won’t get time to replenish and the crop yield decreases immediately.

9. What are weeds? How can we control them?

Ans: Weeds:

1. Undesirable or unwanted plants that grow along with crop plants that reduce crop productivity are known as weeds. Xanthium, Parthenium, etc. are some common weeds.  

2. Weeds compete for light, nutrients, and space with the crop. As a consequence, crop plants receive less light, nutrients, and space to grow. We have to remove weeds as they compete with the plants in light and space and take up the nutrients given to the plant from the soil. 

3. This, in turn, reduces their productivity. Thus, various weeding methods are employed. 

Some important weeding methods to control the growth of weeds are:

1. Weeds can be controlled using weedicides. It is a chemical, which is sprayed in the fields to kill all available weeds.  Weedicides are not harmful to crops. 

2. Weeds are also removed by tilling before sowing crops. Weeds are uprooted by tilling. The optimum time to get rid of weeds would be before they blossom and release seeds. 

10. Arrange the following boxes in proper order to make a flow chart of sugarcane crop production.

Ans: Sugarcane production involves several processes such as growing the crops by preparing the soil first by ploughing it, then sowing the seeds and using manures. Then water is supplied by the irrigation method. After the crop production, harvesting is done, then the crops can be sent to a factory.

11. Complete the following word puzzle with the help of clues given below. 

Down 

1. Providing water to the crops. 

2. Keeping crop grains for a long time under proper conditions. 

5. Certain plants of the same kind grow on a large scale.

Across 

3. A machine used for cutting the matured crop. 

4. A rabi crop that is also one of the pulses. 

6. A process of separating the grain from the chaff.

Ans:

1. Providing water to the crops - IRRIGATION

2. Keeping crop grains for a long time under proper conditions - STORAGE

5. Certain plants of the same kind grow on a large scale - CROP

Across 

3. A machine used for cutting the matured crop - HARVESTER

4. A rabi crop that is also one of the pulses - GRAM

6. A process of separating the grain from chaff - WINNOWING

Important Questions of NCERT Science Class 8 Chapter 1 Crop Production and Management

Let’s start with the basics. All the topics are described in the easy question-answer format so that students’ basics get cleared easily and they understand each term deeply. 

1. What is a crop? What are its types?

A crop can be defined as plants of the same type that are grown and cultivated as a source of food. This is done in a large cultivable land. There are also different types of crops. These different types of crops are:

• Rabi Crops: These crops are grown during the winter season, which is from October to March.

• Kharif Crops: These crops are sown during the rainy season, which is from July to October.

2. What are the process and tools required for preparing the soil?

Before any seed can be sown, the soil is prepared for the crop. This is done so that seeds can be properly sewn inside the land. There are several processes and tools that are used for preparing the soil. We have discussed those methods and tools in a list that is mentioned below.

Ploughing or Tilling

Ploughing or tilling is the process through which the soil is loosened and turned. This is done with the help of a plough.

Plough

As mentioned above, a plough is a device that is mainly used by farmers for various purposes like loosening the soil and adding fertilizers to the soil. A plough can also be used to remove weeds and scraping of soil. Usually, a plough shaft is the main part of a plough, which is made from a log of wood.

A ploughshare is another part of a plough and it can be explained as a triangular iron strip. The other end of the shaft has a handle. The other end is attached to a beam. This beam is pulled by the bull after it is placed on the neck of the bull. A wooden plough can also be operated by a man. These days many farmers are also switching to iron ploughs.

Hoe

A hoe is a tool that can be used for digging up the soil. This tool can also be used to remove weeds and loosen up the soil before planting a sapling into the soil.

Cultivator

A cultivator is a tool that is attached to a tractor. It helps in loosening the soil. There are many farmers who prefer to use cultivators instead of ploughs as cultivators are faster.

3. What is sowing? How to sow a seed?

Soil preparation is necessary before sowing seeds. Sowing is the process of planting seeds in the soil.

Steps to sow seed:

1. Firstly The quality of the seed is crucial for determining crop yield. Selecting good seeds involves placing them in water to check for dead or damaged seeds.

2. Dead and damaged seeds will float on water, while good seeds will sink.

3. Traditional tools such as scythes, shovels, ploughs, and pickaxes were used before modern agricultural practices.

4. Traditional sowing tools resembled funnels with two or three tubes for placing seeds in the soil.

5. Seed drills are now used with tractors for uniform and efficient sowing.

6. Seed drills ensure that seeds are sown at a specific depth and covered with soil.

7. Nurseries are places where young trees and plants are grown for later transplantation.

8. Nurseries are considered repositories of saplings by experts.

9. After sowing, seeds undergo germination and the plant starts to emerge.

10. Adding manure or fertilizers is the next task for the farmer after seed germination.

4. What are manure and fertilizers?

The choice between manure and fertilisers requires considering these differences. Excessive use of fertilisers can result in pollution and pH changes in the soil. Some farmers choose to leave their land fallow to naturally replenish lost nutrients and minerals. After a period of time, the land can be used again.

5. What is crop rotation?

In crop rotation, the same crop is not grown continuously. This prevents the erosion of the fertility of the soil. Also, another major part of growing crops is protecting the crops from weeds.

6. What are weeds? What is tilling?

Weeds can be defined as undesirable plants that grow naturally along with the main crop. The weeds are harmful because they compete with the crop by absorbing all the nutrients, water, light, and space.

Tilling is a process that can be done after sowing the crops. This process helps in killing and uprooting the weeds. One can also choose to remove weeds by physically uprooting the weeds from the soil or by chopping the weeds to the ground level. This is known as the manual removal method.

Some farmers also use weedicides, which are chemicals that are used for killing weeds. Students should remember that weedicides do not harm the main crop. After that, harvesting is performed.

7. What is harvesting? What are the methods to harvest the crops?

Harvesting can be explained as the process of cutting the crop once it has matured.

There are two main methods through which harvesting can be done. These methods are:

• Manual method where a sickle can be used.

• The mechanical method in which a harvester, which is a huge machine, can be used.

8. What is threshing and winnowing?

Threshing is also the process that can be used for loosening the grains from the chaff. This process can be performed manually or with the help of machines. Winnowing is also a method for separating grain seeds from the chaff. But this method is done with the help of the wind. Because of the wind, the lighter chaff will fly away and the heavier grains will fall down.

9. How the grains are stored?

Once the grain is separated, then the storage of the grains is left. Ideally, the grains should be stored in silos and granaries after harvesting. One should ensure that grains are stored in a dry place that does not have any fungal infestation or rodent infestation. Fumigation of the storage place should also be done to make sure that the storage place is free from microbes.

For students who do not know what granaries mean, it is the place where the freshly obtained food grains are stored. Also, animal husbandry is defined as the management and care of farm animals. This is done to obtain milk, eggs, or meat.

NCERT Class 8 Science Chapter 1 - Quick Overview of Detailed Structure of Topics 

Science Class 8 Chapter 1- Important Terms

• Crop: When a large number of plants of the same type are grown together in one location, it is referred to as a crop.

• Kharif Crops: Crops planted during the rainy season are known as Kharif crops. In India, the rainy season typically spans from June to September. Examples of Kharif crops include paddy, maize, soybean, groundnut, and cotton.

• Rabi Crops: Crops cultivated in the winter season, from October to March, are referred to as rabi crops. Some common rabi crops are wheat, gram, pea, mustard, and linseed.

• Tilling or ploughing:  The action of loosening and overturning the soil.

• Crop Rotation: The same crop is not grown continuously in crop rotation. This prevents the erosion of the fertility of the soil. Another major part of growing crops is protecting them from weeds.

Benefits of Referring to Vedantu’s NCERT Class 8 Science Chapter 1 Solutions

Referring to NCERT solutions for Class 8 Science Chapter 1 PDF offers several benefits:

• NCERT Class 8 Science Chapter 1 Question Answer provides clear explanations of concepts covered in the chapter, helping students understand the topic thoroughly.

• Covers important concepts such as agricultural practices, soil preparation, sowing, and irrigation methods.

• Class 8 Science Chapter 1 Short Question Answer assists students in completing their last-minute revision efficiently and effectively.

• Ch 1 Class 8 Science solutions follow a structured format, making it easier for students to navigate through different topics and sections of the chapter.

• Detailed methodologies for solving numerical problems and understanding agricultural practices.

• Crop Production And Management Class 8 solutions include practice questions and exercises that allow students to test their understanding of the concepts discussed in the chapter.

• By referring to Class 8 Science Chapter 1 Question Answer, students can prepare effectively for exams as the solutions cover all the topics and questions likely to be asked in the assessments.

• Science Class 8 Chapter 1 solutions align with the curriculum prescribed by educational boards, ensuring that students cover the topics and concepts required for their academic year.

• Students can use Class 8 Science Chapter 1 PDF solutions to assess their understanding and identify areas where they may need further practice or clarification.

प्रश्न और उत्तर (हिंदी में)

प्रश्न 1

नीचे दिये गए शब्दों में से उचित शब्द चुनकर रिक्त स्थान भरिए:
float, water, crop, nutrients, preparation

(a) एक ही प्रकार के पौधे जो बड़े पैमाने पर किसी स्थान पर उगाए और उगाए जाते हैं, उसे __________ कहा जाता है।
उत्तर: फ़सल (crop) है। Learn CBSEOnline Tutorial Classes

(b) फ़सल उगाने से पहले मिट्टी की _________ करना पहला कदम होता है।
उत्तर: मिट्टी की "तैयारी (preparation)" करना पहला कदम होता है। Learn CBSEOnline Tutorial Classes

(c) खराब बीज पानी की सतह पर __________।
उत्तर: खराब बीज पानी की सतह पर "तैरते (float)" हैं। Learn CBSEOnline Tutorial Classes

(d) फ़सल उगाने के लिए पर्याप्त __________ और मिट्टी से __________ होने आवश्यक हैं।
उत्तर: पर्याप्त "पानी (water)" और मिट्टी से "पोषक तत्व (nutrients)" होना आवश्यक है। Learn CBSEOnline Tutorial Classes

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प्रश्न 2

नीचे के स्तंभों में सही मिलान कीजिए:

स्तंभ A (A)	स्तंभ B (B)
(i) खरीफ फसलें (Kharif crops)	(a) पशुओं के लिए भोजन (Food for cattle)
(ii) रबी फसलें (Rabi crops)	(b) यूरिया और सुपरफॉस्फेट (Urea and superphosphate)
(iii) रासायनिक उर्वरक (Chemical fertilisers)	(c) पशु अपशिष्ट, गोबर, मूत्र और पादप अपशिष्ट (Animal excreta, cow-dung, urine, plant waste)
(iv) जैविक खाद (Organic manure)	(d) गेहूँ, चना, मटर (Wheat, gram, pea)
	(e) धान और मकई (Paddy and maize)

उत्तर:

• (i) खरीफ फसलें → (e) धान और मकई

• (ii) रबी फसलें → (d) गेहूँ, चना, मटर

• (iii) रासायनिक उर्वरक → (b) यूरिया और सुपरफॉस्फेट

• (iv) जैविक खाद → (c) पशु अपशिष्ट, गोबर, मूत्र और पादप अपशिष्ट Online Tutorial Classes

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प्रश्न 3

प्रत्येक का दो उदाहरण दीजिए:
(a) खरीफ फ़सलें
उत्तर: खरीफ फ़सलों के उदाहरण हैं धान (paddy) और मकई (maize)। Online Tutorial Classes

(b) रबी फ़सलें
उत्तर: रबी फ़सलों के उदाहरण हैं गेहूँ (wheat) और चना (gram)। Online Tutorial Classes

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अतिरिक्त (Extra) प्रश्न — छोटे-उत्तर प्रकार

ये प्रश्न संक्षिप्त रूप में समझ के लिए हैं:

प्रश्न 4:
वे फ़सल के बीच किन अवांछित पौधों को कहा जाता है?
उत्तर: उन्हें खरपतवार (weeds) कहा जाता है। Learn Insta

प्रश्न 5:
एक खरपतवार का नाम बताइए।
उत्तर: उदाहरण: वाइल्ड ओट (wild oat)। Learn Insta

प्रश्न 6:
खरपतवार हटाने की विधियाँ बताइए।
उत्तर:

• मैन्युअल विधि (Manual method)

• रासायनिक विधि (Chemical method)

• जैविक विधि (Biological method) Learn Insta

प्रश्न 7:
खरपतवार निकालने के लिए प्रयोग होने वाले रसायन क्या कहलाते हैं?
उत्तर: इन्हें वीडिसाइड्स (weedicides) कहा जाता है। Study PathLearn Insta

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सारांश तालिका

प्रश्न क्रमांक	प्रश्न (हिंदी)	उत्तर (हिंदी)
1(a)	एक ही प्रकार के बड़े पैमाने पर उगाए गए पौधों को क्या कहते हैं?	फ़सल (crop)
1(b)	फसल उगाने से पहले मिट्टी की क्या प्रक्रिया करनी होती है?	तैयारी (preparation)
1(c)	खराब बीज पानी की सतह पर …?	तैरते (float) हैं
1(d)	फ़सल के लिए आवश्यक क्या-क्या हैं?	पानी (water) और पोषक तत्व (nutrients)
2	मिलान करें (खरीफ, रबी, रासायनिक, जैविक)	जैसा ऊपर तालिका में
3(a)	दो खरीफ फसलों के उदाहरण	धान और मकई
3(b)	दो रबी फसलों के उदाहरण	गेहूँ और चना
4	अवांछित पौधे क्या कहलाते हैं?	खरपतवार
5	एक खरपतवार का उदाहरण	वाइल्ड ओट
6	खरपतवार हटाने की विधियाँ	मैन्युअल, रासायनिक, जैविक
7	खरपतवार हटाने वाले रसायन	वीडिसाइड्स

लंबे प्रश्न और उत्तर (हिंदी में)

प्रश्न 1

कृषि के पारंपरिक और आधुनिक उपकरणों का नाम लिखिए और उनका उपयोग बताइए।

उत्तर:

• पारंपरिक उपकरण : हल, दरांती, खुर्पी आदि।

  • हल – मिट्टी को जोतने और नरम करने के लिए।

  • दरांती – फसल काटने के लिए।

  • खुर्पी – खरपतवार हटाने और छोटे पौधे रोपने के लिए।

• आधुनिक उपकरण : ट्रैक्टर, सीड ड्रिल, कंबाइन, थ्रेशर आदि।

  • ट्रैक्टर – खेत की जुताई, मिट्टी पलटने और बोआई के लिए।

  • सीड ड्रिल – बीजों को समान दूरी पर और उचित गहराई में बोने के लिए।

  • कंबाइन – फसल की कटाई और दानों को अलग करने के लिए।

  • थ्रेशर – अनाज को भूसे से अलग करने के लिए।

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प्रश्न 2

फसलों को पानी (सिंचाई) क्यों आवश्यक है? विभिन्न सिंचाई विधियों के नाम बताइए।

उत्तर:
पौधों को जीवन क्रियाओं के लिए पर्याप्त मात्रा में जल चाहिए।

• जल बीज अंकुरण और पौधों की वृद्धि के लिए आवश्यक है।

• यह पोषक तत्वों को जड़ों तक पहुँचाता है।

• जल की कमी से पौधे सूख जाते हैं और फसल नष्ट हो सकती है।

सिंचाई की विधियाँ:

1. पारंपरिक विधियाँ – मोत, रहट, ढेकली, चेन पंप।

2. आधुनिक विधियाँ – स्प्रिंकलर प्रणाली, ड्रिप (बूँद-बूँद) सिंचाई प्रणाली।

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प्रश्न 3

खाद और उर्वरकों में क्या अंतर है?

उत्तर:

• खाद (Manure):

  • यह जैविक स्रोतों से बनती है जैसे गोबर, पत्तियाँ, पशु-अपशिष्ट।

  • मिट्टी की उर्वरता को दीर्घकाल तक बनाए रखती है।

  • इसमें सभी पोषक तत्व थोड़ी मात्रा में रहते हैं।

• उर्वरक (Fertiliser):

  • ये रासायनिक रूप से बनाए जाते हैं जैसे यूरिया, सुपरफॉस्फेट।

  • इनमें पोषक तत्व अधिक मात्रा में होते हैं।

  • बार-बार प्रयोग से मिट्टी की उर्वरता कम हो सकती है और पर्यावरण प्रदूषण हो सकता है।

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प्रश्न 4

फ़सल कटाई के बाद अनाज को सुरक्षित रखने के लिए कौन-कौन सी विधियाँ अपनाई जाती हैं?

उत्तर:

• धूप में सुखाना – अनाज में नमी कम करने के लिए।

• वायुरुद्ध (Airtight) बर्तन – नमी और कीड़ों से बचाने के लिए।

• गोदामों व साइलो (Silos) में भंडारण।

• कीटनाशक (Pesticides) छिड़काव – कीटों से सुरक्षा।

• कोल्ड स्टोरेज – फलों और सब्ज़ियों को ताज़ा रखने के लिए।

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प्रश्न 5

खरीफ और रबी फसलों में क्या अंतर है? उदाहरण सहित बताइए।

उत्तर:

• खरीफ फसलें:

  • वर्षा ऋतु (जून से अक्टूबर) में उगाई जाती हैं।

  • अधिक जल की आवश्यकता होती है।

  • उदाहरण – धान, मक्का, बाजरा।

• रबी फसलें:

  • शीत ऋतु (नवंबर से अप्रैल) में उगाई जाती हैं।

  • कम जल की आवश्यकता होती है।

  • उदाहरण – गेहूँ, जौ, चना, सरसों।

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प्रश्न 6

फ़सल चक्रण (Crop Rotation) क्या है? इसका क्या लाभ है?

उत्तर:

• परिभाषा: किसी खेत में लगातार एक ही फसल उगाने से मिट्टी के कुछ पोषक तत्व कम हो जाते हैं। यदि एक ही खेत में अलग-अलग मौसमों में अलग-अलग फसलें उगाई जाएँ, तो इसे फ़सल चक्रण कहते हैं।

• लाभ:

  • मिट्टी की उर्वरता बनी रहती है।

  • नाइट्रोजन स्थिर करने वाले पौधे (जैसे दलहन) मिट्टी में नाइट्रोजन की पूर्ति करते हैं।

  • कम खाद और उर्वरक की आवश्यकता होती है।

  • उत्पादन बेहतर होता है।